Key Takeaways
- Reinforcement should be specific, immediate, and tailored to each learner.
- Data is your guide. If a reinforcer stops working, switch it up.
- Generalization and independence grow stronger with consistency across settings.
- Reinforcement isn’t bribery—it’s a proven teaching strategy.
Positive reinforcement is a cornerstone of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) therapy. It’s not just about giving rewards—it’s about building meaningful behavioral change in a way that’s tailored, strategic, and rooted in science. When used effectively, it can help individuals with autism and other developmental disabilities learn new skills, reduce challenging behaviors, and increase independence across environments.
What Is Positive Reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement means adding something desirable immediately after a target behavior occurs, increasing the likelihood that the behavior will happen again. For example, if a child receives praise and a sticker for saying “please,” they’re more likely to use polite language in the future.
1. Clearly Define Target Behaviors
Start with behaviors that are specific, observable, and measurable. “Be good” is vague. “Raise hand before speaking in class” is specific. When goals are clear, it’s easier to measure progress and know when to reinforce.
2. Choose Reinforcers That Actually Work
Not all reinforcers work for all individuals. A preferred toy, favorite snack, time with a tablet, or even a walk outside might be motivating for one child but meaningless to another. Use preference assessments regularly to find out what’s reinforcing at that moment.
Types of reinforcers:
- Tangible (stickers, toys, snacks)
- Social (verbal praise, high-fives)
- Activity-based (access to a game, reading a book)
3. Use an Appropriate Reinforcement Schedule
Continuous reinforcement is great for teaching new skills—reward every time.
Intermittent reinforcement is better for maintaining established behaviors—reward occasionally to keep the behavior strong over time.
4. Deliver Reinforcement Immediately
Timing is crucial. Reinforcement should follow the behavior within seconds. This helps the learner associate the reward with what they just did. Delay weakens that connection.
5. Pair Reinforcement With Clear, Specific Praise
Instead of “Good job,” say, “Great job putting your shoes on when I asked!” This helps reinforce not just the behavior but also the understanding of why it was good.
6. Track Progress and Make Adjustments
Use data collection tools to monitor what’s working. If a reinforcer stops working (called satiation), rotate to something new. ABA is dynamic, and reinforcement strategies should evolve with the learner.
7. Fade Reinforcement Strategically
Once a behavior is consistent, start spacing out reinforcement. This builds independence and reduces dependence on constant rewards.
8. Use Natural Reinforcers
Whenever possible, use real-world outcomes. For example, if a student finishes their work, they earn free time—a natural consequence that also reinforces the behavior.
9. Encourage Family and Peer Involvement
Consistency across environments strengthens learning. Train caregivers and peers to provide reinforcement to support skill generalization outside of therapy.
10. Build Reinforcement Into Everyday Life
Positive reinforcement doesn’t always require structured tools. A smile, a shared laugh, or a few minutes of extra playtime can go a long way. The most powerful reinforcement often happens during ordinary moments.
FAQs
1. How often should I change reinforcers?
As often as needed. If a child loses interest, switch to something new. Weekly or bi-weekly assessments can help keep reinforcers fresh and motivating.
2. What’s the difference between reinforcement and bribery?
Reinforcement is planned and used to teach or maintain skills. Bribery usually happens in reaction to behavior and often lacks structure. Reinforcement builds skills; bribery just manages moments.
3. Can I use multiple reinforcers at once?
Yes. Pairing verbal praise with a tangible reward or activity can make reinforcement more effective. Just make sure it’s not overwhelming or confusing for the learner.
